Aerodynamics of Sportsballs Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 17151--189 1985

Aerodynamics of Sports Balls

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Abstract

The field of fluid mechanics is rapidly advancing, driven by unprecedented volumes of data from experiments, field measurements, and large-calibration simulations at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Machine learning (ML) offers a wealth of techniques to extract ...Read More

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Figure 1: Machine learning algorithms may be categorized into supervised, unsupervised, and semisupervised, depending on the extent and type of information available for the learning process. Abbrevia...

Figure two: First example of learning and automation in experimental fluid mechanics: Rechenberg's (1964) experiments for optimally corrugated plates for drag reduction using the Galtonbrett (Galton boa...

Figure 3: The learning problem. A learning car uses inputs from a sample generator and observations from a system to generate an approximation of its output. Figure based on an idea from Cherkassk...

Figure 4: Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for fourth dimension series predictions and the long short-term memory (LSTM) regularization. Abbreviations: , previous cell memory; , electric current prison cell memory; , previous ce...

Figure five: PCA/POD (left) versus shallow autoencoders (eye) and deep autoencoders (right). If the node activation functions in the shallow autoencoder are linear, and then u and are matrices that minim...

Figure 6: Unsupervised learning example: merging of two vortices (tiptop), proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes (middle), and respective modes from a linear autoencoder (bottom). Annotation that unlike ...

Figure vii: Comparison of standard neural network architecture (a) with modified neural network for identifying Galilean invariant Reynolds stress models (b). Abbreviations: , anisotropy tensor; , scala...

Figure 8: Deep reinforcement learning schematic (a) and application to the report of the commonage motion of fish via the Navier–Stokes equations (b). Console b adapted from Verma et al. (2018).

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For an infectious disease such as the coronavirus affliction 2022 (COVID-19) to spread, contact needs to exist established between an infected host and a susceptible one. In a range of populations and infectious diseases, peer-to-peer contact modes involve ...Read More

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Figure 1: (a) Gap in cognition of infectious affliction transmission at the intermediate (host-to-host) spatial scale. (b) The gap is framed from the lens of the underlying physiological/biophysical (gra...

Figure two: Examples of fluid dynamic processes involved in (a) pathogen transfer in respiratory disease transmission (turbulent gas cloud emission), (b) foliar illness transmission (drop-on-leaf fluid–...

Figure three: (a) Exhalations such every bit breathing, coughing, and sneezing release a turbulent puff cloud of hot and moist air containing suspended aerosol trapped within it. The cloud and its payload tin can t...

Figure 4: Contrasting the isolated droplet emission picture show of Wells (1934, 1955) with the recently developed turbulent gas cloud emission picture of exhalations (Bourouiba et al. 2014; Bourouiba 2016...

Figure 5: Fragmentation of mucosalivary fluid during a sneeze showing initial canvas formation and stretching (left); sheet piercing, resulting in sheet retraction in a rim, itself destabilizing into l...

Figure 6: (a) High-speed imaging of droplet trajectories emitted from a loftier-force per unit area flush of a typical hospital toilet, showing ballistic trajectories for larger droplets and meandering droplet susp...

Figure 7: (a) In one case gently deposited equally a drop on the surface of a young bubble, potassium permanganate mixes and forms lamellae that elongate and overlap in an ever-weakening stirring field. (b) A bub...

Effigy 8: The contest betwixt two chimera-thinning mechanisms important at dissimilar timescales. The before office of a chimera'southward life (blue regions) is dominated by thinning governed by drainage fro...

Figure 9: The shift in the physical picture for rain-induced disease manual in plants, from the view of leaves coated by films (Fitt et al. 1989) to the dominant office of average wetting with ses...

Effigy 10: Local, small, and rapid fragmentation processes shape the larger-scale pathogen footprint of contamination (Gilet & Bourouiba 2015). (a) Impact of a drop on a rigid surface with a sessile d...

Figure 11: Removal of pathogens from leaves where pathogen ejection is governed by fluid–construction interactions during rainfalls. (a) Crescent-moon fragmentation leading to the formation of a sheet ri...

Figure 12: Universality in unsteady fluid fragmentation. (a) Crescent-moon fragmentation from a drop-on-drop affect (Gilet & Bourouiba 2015). (b) Splash on a thin film. (c) Sheet expansion from impact...

Figure xiii: Three unsteady fluid fragmentation processes: (a) driblet-on-pole, (b) drop-on-border, and (c) drop-on-picture show fragmentation for which (d) the rim thickness is governed by the local Bond number cri...

Effigy 14: The important role of unsteadiness in shaping the droplet sizes and speeds from unsteady fluid canvas fragmentation. (a,d) Skewed overall probability density functions of droplet size, D = d...

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This review focuses on Leonardo da Vinci'due south work and thought related to fluid mechanics as it is presented in a lifetime of notebooks, letters, and artwork. Information technology shows how Leonardo'southward remaining works offering a complicated picture of unfinished, scattered, and ...Read More

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Figures

Figure 2: Sketch showing a mechanical measure of hydrostatic force (Codex Leicester, f. 6r). Image reprinted with permission of the licensor through PSclear from Laurenza & Kemp (2019), copyright 2019...

Figure 3: Sketch written report for The Battle of Anghiari (circa 1503–1504). Pen and ink on newspaper, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. Image reprinted with permission from Earth History Annal/Alamy Stock Photo...

Figure five: One of Leonardo's serial of drench drawings. Majestic Collection at Windsor (RCIN 912382). Image reprinted with permission of Majestic Collection Trust, copyright 2022 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth ...

Figure 7: (a,b) Drawings of vortices in the aorta. Imperial Collection at Windsor (a, RCIN 919117r; b, RCIN 919082r). (c) Sketch of a glass model of the base of the aorta (RCIN 919082r). (d) Particle ima...

Effigy 8: Rising bubbling in water in (a) Codex Leicester (f. 25r) and (b) Paris Manuscript F (f. 37v). (c) Unsteady path of spheres. Panel a reprinted with permission of the licensor through PLSclear ...

Figure 9: (a) Sketch of a bearded man. Regal Drove at Windsor (RCIN 912553). (b) Zoomed-in crop of hair sketch in panel a. (c) Drench drawing (RCIN 912380r). (d) Zoomed-in crop of turbulent flow ...

Effigy 10: (a) Vitruvian Human being (circa 1490). Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. (b) Length measurements of human subjects. Royal Collection at Windsor (RCIN 919132). (c) Male person head in profile with proporti...

Figure 11: Logarithmic spirals. (a) Logarithmic screw with growth factor 0.191 (Paris Manuscript E, f. 34v). (b) Golden spiral (Paris Manuscript Grand, f. 54v). (c) Gilded screw. Purple Collection at Win...

Effigy 12: Sketches of a plunging h2o jet into a pool, with the resultant turbulent catamenia. (a) Royal Collection at Windsor (RCIN 912660v). (b) RCIN 912662. (c) Paris Manuscript F, f. 72r. Images repr...

Figure 13: Screw eddy number density distribution, n(s), per eddy size, s, beyond 10 deluge drawings. The −i.7 ability police slope is considerably less than the value of −ii.3 expected for, eastward.g., random A...

Figure fourteen: (a) Ornithopter (Paris Manuscript B, f. 74v). (b) Rotorcraft (Paris Manuscript B, f. 83v). (c) Streamlined bodies (Codex Arundel, f. 54r). Images reprinted with permission from (a,b) RMN–Gr...

Figure 15: Hydraulic jumps (Codex Arundel, f. 167v). Images reprinted with permission from the British Museum.

Figure xvi: (a) Vortices stiff enough to carve cavities in rock (Codex Arundel, f. 29v). (b) Conservation of book for a branching tree (Paris Manuscript M, f. 78v). Images reprinted with permission ...

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Abstruse

Complex fluids exist in nature and are continually engineered for specific applications involving the addition of macromolecules to a solvent, amongst other means. This imparts viscoelasticity to the fluid, a property responsible for various menstruum ...Read More

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Figures

Figure 1: Dimensionless vortex size, xR/H2, as a part of Deborah number, De, for the iv:one planar wrinkle flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with a solvent viscosity ratio of under creeping flow condit...

Figure 2: Comparing between dissimilar numerical results for the flow by a cylinder in a channel. (a) Drag forcefulness coefficient, CD, as a part of Deborah number, . (b) Maximum dimensionless normal ...

Figure iii: Streamline patterns and contour plots of normalized first normal stress difference, , where D is the channel width and U is the average velocity in each channel, using the upper-convected Ma...

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Source: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.fl.17.010185.001055

Aerodynamics of Sportsballs Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 17151--189 1985